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Specific heat is defined by the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius (°C).Water has a high specific heat,meaning it takes more energyto increase the temperature of water compared to other substances. This is why water is valuable to industries and in your car's radiator as a coolant. The high specific heat of water also helps regulate the rate at which air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.
This same concept can be expanded to a world-wide scale. The oceans and lakes help regulate the temperature ranges that billions of people experience in their towns and cities. Water surrounding or near cities take longer to heat up and longer to cool down than do land masses, so cities near the oceans will tend to have less change and less extreme temperatures than inland cities. This property of water is one reason why states on the coast and in the center of the United States can differ so much in temperature patterns. A Midwest state, such as Nebraska, will have colder winters and hotter summers than Oregon, which has a higher latitude but has the Pacific Ocean nearby.
If you leave a bucket of water outside in the sun in summer it will certainly get warm, but not hot enough to boil an egg. But, if you walk barefoot on the black asphalt of a street in the southern portion of the United Statesin August, you'll burn your feet. Dropping an egg on the metal of my car hood on an August day will produce a fried egg. Metals have a much lower specific heatthan water. If you've ever held onto a needle and put the other end in a flame you know how fast the needle gets hot, and how fast the heat is moved through the length of the needle to your finger. Not so with water.
Why heat capacity is important
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The high specific heat of water has a great deal to do with regulating extremes in the environment. For instance, the fish in this pondare happy because the specific heat of the water in the pond means the temperature of the water will stay relatively the same from day to night. They don't have to worry about either turning on the air conditioner or putting on their woolen flipper gloves.(Also, for happy fish, check out our page on Dissolved Oxygen.)
Lucky for me, you, and the fish in the pond to the right, water has a higher specific heat than many other substances. One of water's most significant properties is that it takes a lot of energy to heat it. Precisely, water has to absorb 4,184 Joules of heat (1 kilocalorie) for the temperature of one kilogram of water to increase 1°C. For comparison sake, it only takes 385 Joules of heat to raise 1 kilogram of copper 1°C.
If you'd like to learn more about the specific heat of water at the molecular level, check out this video on the specific heatof water from Khan Academy.
